Monarch Airlines, also known simply as Monarch, was a British charter and scheduled low-cost airline The airline's headquarters were at Luton; in addition, it had other bases at Birmingham, Leeds/Bradford, Gatwick and Manchester. It was Britain's fifth-biggest airline, employing roughly 3,500 employees as of 1 October 2017, and was the biggest airline in British history to collapse. The company held a United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) Type A Operating Licence, which permitted it to carry passengers, cargo and mail on aircraft with 20 or more seats.
On 5 June 1967, Monarch Airlines was established by a pair of British businessmen, Bill Hodgson and Don Peacock, while financing was received from the Swiss Sergio Mantegazza family. It was founded upon the ethos of the package holiday, being orientated conveying British holidaymakers to desirable tourism destinations across Europe and the Mediterranean region. Operated as a subsidiary of Globus Getaway Holdings, Monarch commenced passenger operations on 5 April 1968, flying a charter flight from Luton Airport, London to Madrid, Spain, using a Bristol 175 Britannia 300 turboprop. The company grew quickly from strong demand for package holidays; during 1972, Monarch carried 500,000 passengers with the space of a single year for the first time. During 1971, Monarch entered the jet age, procuring a number of Boeing 720B and BAC 1-11 jetliners; these types replaced all of the company's Britannias during the mid-1970s, making the company an all-jet airline.
During spring 1985, the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) awarded Monarch Airlines licences to commence scheduled services to Málaga, Menorca and Tenerife. This enabled the airline to launch its first-ever scheduled service from Luton to Menorca on 5 July 1986, under the brand name Monarch crown service. During 1986, Monarch acquired their first Boeing 737-300 airliner. On 1 May 1988, Monarch operated the first ETOPS Transatlantic operation under CAA regulations. During 1990, Monarch Airlines introduced the Airbus A300-600R, its first widebodied aircraft. During 1993, Monarch Airlines introduced the first Airbus A320 aircraft into its fleet; it would later be joined by the first of the larger Airbus A321s in 1997. The Airbus A320 family would eventually entirely replace Monarch's fleet of Boeing 737-300s. However, during the mid-to-late 1990s, Monarch started to come under competitive pressure from a newly emerging market sector in the form of the budget airline.
During 2004, in light of the success of low-fares, no frills airlines such as easyJet, Monarch opted to adopt a low-cost model for its services. During the 2000s, Monarch Airlines decided to terminate all of its remaining charter flight operators, choosing to focus exclusively upon the operation of scheduled flights. During this era, common destinations included the Canary Islands, Cyprus, Egypt, Greece, Sweden, Turkey and various locations around the Mediterranean. During 2015, the airline carried over 5.7 million passengers. During 2016, Monarch signed a major deal for 45 new Boeing 737 MAX-8 airliners, the first of which was due to be delivered during 2018; these would have eventually replaced its fleet of Airbus A320 and A321 airliners.
During 2016, rumours of the company's imminent demise became widespread. On 2 October 2017, Monarch entered administration and ceased operations with immediate effect, stranding 110,000 passengers abroad. Monarch was one of the oldest British airlines to have never changed its original name before it ceased operations. It was the fifth largest airline, and the largest ever to have ceased trading, in the UK .
Video Monarch Airlines
History
The 1960s
On 5 June 1967, Monarch Airlines was established by a pair of British businessmen, Bill Hodgson and Don Peacock, both of whom had previously been directors at another British operator, British Eagle. Unlike typical airliners at the time, Monarch was founded with the express intent of conveying British holidaymakers to tourism hotspots and desirable getaway destinations throughout Europe. Another unusual step, particularly at a time when air travel was viewed as being traditionally accessible only to the rich, was the ambition to promote the service towards the demands and needs of the ordinary family rather than being marketed solely at wealthier clients.
The business was operated as a subsidiary of Globus Getaway Holdings and received financial backing from the Swiss Sergio Mantegazza family. At the time of Monarch's inception, the Mantegazza family were the owners of UK-based tour operator Cosmos Tours. Maintenance of the company's aircraft was performed by sister company Engineering Limited (which would later be rebranded as Monarch Aircraft Engineering Limited). On 5 April 1968, Monarch commenced commercial airline operations, conducting a charter flight from Luton Airport, London to Madrid, Spain, using a Bristol 175 Britannia 300 turboprop formerly operated by British airline company Caledonian Airways.
The airline's initial fleet comprised a pair of Bristol Britannias (both ex-Caledonian Airways) that was serviced in a single hangar at Luton. During 1969, the firm's second year of operation, Monarch was able to acquire additional Britannias from the administrators of troubled airline British Eagle. Shortly thereafter, a milestone was reached in the form of 250,000 passengers having been carried by the airline within a 12-month period, which at that point was operating an expanded fleet of six Britannias.
The 1970s
During 1971, Monarch entered the jet age, having completed arrangements for the acquisition of an initial batch of three Boeing 720B jetliners to its fleet. The airline's first commercial jet service took to the air on 13 December 1971. Co-founder Bob Hodgson later praised the low noise levels of the Boeing 720, which were favourably referred to as being "whispering giants". The introduction of the company's first jet aircraft type also coincided with the adoption of a revised livery.
By the 1970s, there was a strong demand amongst the wider British population for the package holiday format, to which Monarch was able to greatly capitalise upon. During 1972, the airline was recorded as having carried 500,000 passengers with the space of a single year for the first time. However, during the 1970s energy crisis, in which the price of oil spiked dramatically, many airlines experienced periods of considerable financial hardship. One of Monarch's rivals in the package holiday sector, Court Line, was forced into receivership; while the company took on several former staff from Court Line, Monarch itself was not immune to these difficulties either.
By 1976, Monarch had transitioned to an all-jet fleet, following the sale of the airline's last Britannia to Greek cargo charter airline Afrek on 21 May of that year. Two years earlier the airline had retired its last passenger-configured Britannia, which operated the type's final commercial passenger flight in Europe on 9 October 1974. The changeover to an all-jet fleet was brought about as a result of the acquisition of a further two second-hand Boeing 720Bs as well as the addition of a pair of BAC One-Eleven 500s, which had been sourced from British Caledonian and the administrators of the failed Court Line respectively.
The 1980s
At the end of 1980, Monarch Airlines took delivery of its first new jet aircraft, a pair of Boeing 737-200 Advanced, which had been acquired on an operating lease from Bavaria Leasing (at the time a unit of Hapag Lloyd Airlines). One of the newly delivered 737s was stationed at Tegel Airport in then West Berlin (in the days before the German reunification) at the beginning of the 1981 summer season. The Berlin-based aircraft operated short to medium-haul charter flights to the Mediterranean and the Canary Islands under contract to Flug-Union Berlin, at the time one of West Berlin's leading package tour operators. Monarch had taken over Flug-Union Berlin's charter programme from Laker Airways. The addition of the 737s expanded Monarch's fleet to 11 jet aircraft, comprising one Boeing 707-320C, five Boeing 720Bs, three BAC One-Eleven 500s and two Boeing 737-200 Advs.
During 1981, new stations were opened at Gatwick, Glasgow, Manchester and Berlin Tegel. This was the first time Monarch Airlines carried a million passengers in a single year. 1981 was also the year Monarch became the first charter airline to order the Boeing 757-200, a high-capacity, medium-haul single-aisle plane powered by Rolls-Royce RB211-535C engines. Monarch's 757 order represented a major step change for a small airline. Its first 757 was delivered and entered service in the spring of 1983. This coincided with the introduction of an updated livery, the third in the airline's history. During the mid-1980s, sister company Monarch Aircraft Engineering Limited opened several new facilities at Luton to expand the firm's maintenance capabilities which, amongst other things, enabled the 757 fleet to be maintained in-house.
During spring 1985, the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) awarded Monarch Airlines licences to commence scheduled services to Málaga, Menorca and Tenerife. This enabled the airline to launch its first-ever scheduled service from Luton to Menorca on 5 July 1986, under the brand name Monarch crown service. This event signified the first time in which Monarch was in direct competition with rival airliners, rather than just as a component of a tour operator.
During 1986, Monarch acquired their first Boeing 737-300 airliner. From November 1988, four of Monarch's 737-300s were leased out to Euroberlin France, a Berlin Tegel-based Franco-German joint venture airline that was 51% owned by Air France and 49% by Lufthansa. Apart from the aircraft itself, Monarch Airlines also provided the flightdeck crew and maintenance support (through sister company Monarch Aircraft Engineering) for this airline. By 1990, seven 737-300s were assigned to the Euroberlin wet lease.
On 1 May 1988, Monarch operated the first ETOPS Transatlantic operation under CAA regulations. The Boeing 757-200ER G-MONJ operated Luton to Orlando via Gander with 235 passengers, becoming the first British-operated twin-jet to ever cross the North Atlantic with passengers; since then, this feat has become commonplace for North Atlantic crossings. That same year, another milestone was reached for Monarch Airlines, the firm having carried in excess of two million passengers within a 12-month period.
The 1990s
During 1990, Monarch Airlines introduced the Airbus A300-600R, its first widebodied aircraft type, and opened a new purpose-built headquarters that also housed the airline's own Boeing 757 flight simulator at its Luton base. During the early 1990s, the company operated a number of Boeing 767-300ER widebodies on behalf of Alitalia Team, a unit of Italy's flag carrier, under a wet lease arrangement, similar to the one Monarch had formed with Euroberlin France. During 1993, Monarch Airlines introduced the first Airbus A320 aircraft into its fleet; it would later be joined by the first of the larger Airbus A321s in 1997. The Airbus A320 family would eventually entirely replace the airline's fleet of Boeing 737-300s.
During the mid-to-late 1990s, Monarch came under increasing pressure from a newly emerging market sector in the form of the budget airline. During 1995, EasyJet, a low-cost rival airline, established its own base of operations right alongside Monarch at Luton; this event coincided with a period of rapid growth in the budget airline industry grew rapidly, which often competed for customers on weekend citybreaks and to an expanding range of destinations. The emergence of the easy-to-book, low-cost airline and an increasing focus amongst customers on the cost of air fares has been attributed as the origins of great difficulty within Monarch Airlines. While Monarch Airlines chose to progressively move towards being a low-cost carrier, the company struggled to effectively compete in a niche hotly contested by several rivals, including EasyJet and Irish airline Ryanair amongst others.
During May 1997, Monarch Airlines launched a new scheduled route between Gibraltar and Luton; additional flights to Gibraltar by the company would be established from Birmingham, Gatwick and Manchester. Monarch continued to operate flights on the Gibraltar-Luton route until the firm's collapse in late 2017. During the late 1990s, a new in-flight service, referred to as Monarch Plus, which included pre-booked seats, free headsets and improved dining options, such as duck breast instead of turkey stroganoff, for an additional £30 per person.
During 1998, Monarch Airlines leased a pair of McDonnell Douglas MD-11 widebodied aircraft from American airline World Airways for its long-haul operations whilst awaiting the delivery of a pair of new Airbus A330-200 widebodies. Following the arrival of the A330 during 1999, Monarch opted to return the leased MD-11s to World Airways. The adoption of the A330 widebodies permitted Monarch to serve long-haul charter destinations with a two class seating configuration, which was another first for the airline.
The 2000s
During 2002, Monarch's sole McDonnell Douglas DC-10 was retired from service and was donated to the Manchester Airport Aviation Viewing Park. That same year, Monarch also unveiled a brand-new livery - the airline's fourth; in addition, the company also re-branded its Monarch Crown Service scheduled division as Monarch Scheduled. Monarch Scheduled continued to offer a full service product, including free catering, bar service, hot towels, newspapers and in-flight entertainment (IFE).
During 2003, Monarch Scheduled announced that it would open a new base at Gatwick Airport. On 1 May 2003, this base opened, initially offering services to Alicante, Faro and Málaga. On 15 December 2004, Monarch Scheduled announced that it would open a new base at Birmingham Airport. The base opened in April 2005 with new routes to Málaga and Tenerife.
In 2004, following the success of the low-fares, no frills airlines such as easyJet, Monarch decided to adopt a modified low-cost model, featuring additional charges for food and drink. In 2005, Monarch leased a Boeing 767-300ER from MyTravel Airways (now Thomas Cook Airlines) to expand its long-haul fleet; this aircraft was returned in 2010.
During November 2005, Monarch opened a base in Málaga. The airline based one Airbus A320 aircraft there. Monarch launched three scheduled services from Málaga, to Aberdeen, Blackpool and Newquay. The Newquay service was discontinued on 30 April 2006. About a year later, scheduled services from Málaga to Blackpool were also dropped due to low demand. On 27 October 2007, flights to Aberdeen were withdrawn as well. This resulted in the closure of Monarch's Málaga base.
To operate scheduled services from Manchester, an Airbus A321 was acquired. Monarch became the airport's second-largest passenger airline in 2005 with 1.72m passengers using its services from/to the airport. Monarch's total passenger numbers increased from 4.55m in 2002 to 6.5m in 2008.
In August 2006, Monarch ordered six Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner widebodied jets, primarily for use on long-haul routes. Delivery was planned to start in 2010; however, delays to the 787 project pushed back delivery to 2013, and in September 2011, the airline announced the cancellation of the order, citing its strategic decision to concentrate on its short-/medium-haul operations.
On 27 April 2007, Monarch Airlines started flights to Ibiza partnered with club brand HedKandi, naming the partnership "FlyKandi". One of Monarch's Boeing 757s (G-MOND) received a special FlyKandi livery with billboard FlyKandi titles and a special tail motif. The HedKandi partnership lasted for the 2007 summer season, with flights to Ibiza being sold from four major UK airports. It was then renewed for the 2008 summer season, offering the same services. This time FlyKandi livery was applied to G-MONJ. HedKandi CDs and radio stations were available for purchase and to listen to on board Monarch aircraft.
In October 2007, Monarch became the first airline in Europe to accept Paypal as a flight payment option on its website.
During 2008, Monarch changed the name of its website from flymonarch.com to monarch.co.uk. It also changed its advertising slogan to "The Low Fare Airline That Cares".
During 2008, Monarch provided the aircraft, an Airbus A321, to launch the ITV2 television programme CelebAir. Celebrities were trained and took on duties performed by airline staff, such as cabin crew. The destinations to which CelebAir flew were mainly Monarch's scheduled destinations, including Málaga, Alicante, Tenerife, Faro, Ibiza, Mahón and Larnaca. These flights carried fare-paying passengers. The programme first aired on 2 September 2008. The programme has now finished with Lisa Maffia winning the series, Amy Lamé finishing second and Chico Slimani finishing third.
2010 to 2016
After many years of operating profitably, Monarch Group, the parent company of Monarch Airlines and Cosmos Holidays, reported a large pre-tax loss of £32.3m in the financial year ending in 2009. This necessitated a £45m cash injection from the Mantegazzas who have [co-]owned the group since its inception. The Mantegazza's cash injection was accompanied by a change in strategy that saw Monarch Airlines changing its focus from being primarily a charter airline to becoming a predominantly "scheduled leisure airline", with a target of 80% of its business being scheduled (compared with only 20% in 2005). The new strategy resulted in introduction of additional scheduled services to new destinations in Egypt, Turkey, Greece, Spain and Portugal, including the launch on 23 May 2011 of a three times weekly scheduled service to the Greek island of Corfu -- the airline's first scheduled Greek destination - from London Luton.
To increase Monarch's attractiveness as a viable alternative to EasyJet and Ryanair, its main low-cost competitors, all debit card charges were abolished and only a £10 flat rate was applied to credit card transactions. To highlight these differences as additional selling points, Monarch introduced the advertising slogan Fly Your Way Every Day. together with a new logo incorporating the airline's old capital "M" and crown. Also, a new livery was introduced.
Although Monarch made a £1.4m profit in 2010, it reported a £45m loss in the financial year ending 31 October 2011 as a result of high jet fuel prices against the backdrop of a stagnant economy and political turmoil in the Middle East. Higher fuel prices increased the airline's annual fuel bill by £50m.
On 3 November 2011, Monarch received a £75m rescue package for the airline. It was then announced that Monarch were to launch of 14 additional routes serving new destinations in Italy, Croatia and Greece from their bases. The new flights commenced at the start of the 2012 summer season. Monarch also received two Airbus A320 aircraft to support the increased level of activity. The addition of these aircraft was the first stage of a medium-term plan to increase the fleet size to 40 aircraft in support of the airline's goal to carry 10 million passengers annually. Growing the fleet to enable an increase in passenger numbers was supposed to allow the airline to spread its fixed costs over a higher level of output, thus resulting in greater economies of scale.
On 3 May 2012, Monarch announced that they were to open a new base at East Midlands Airport in Autumn 2012, to replace some routes previously flown by Bmibaby, who ceased operations completely on 9 September 2012. On 8 May 2012 the airline announced operations from Leeds/Bradford with 2 new winter destinations, Munich and Grenoble. They also announced plans for a large expansion in summer 2013. On 10 July 2012, it was announced that Monarch were to launch a new base at Leeds/Bradford with 12 new destinations. The base opened on 22 March 2013. As of mid-2012, Globus Travel's shareholders included Amerald Investments (88%), Atlantic Financial Services (7%) and Abaco Holdings (4%). On 13 December 2012 Monarch announced that they had come on board as a new sponsor for Leeds United AFC, in order to promote Monarch's base and routes at Leeds Bradford Airport.
On 1 July 2013, Monarch announced an order for a further two Airbus A321s. The aircraft were due to be delivered in April and May 2015, but the order was changed to just 1 A320 which was delivered in April 2015. On 12 December 2013, Monarch announced that Monarch Airlines had returned to profit in year ending October 2013 and that passenger numbers were up 9.5% to 7 million and in line to carry more than 10 million by 2016. In the same announcement Monarch confirmed that it planned to order 60 new aircraft in an order worth $6 Billion for delivery up to 2024 and would announce the successful tender in Q1 of 2014 from either Airbus/Boeing and Bombardier.
In July 2014 the airline announced that it had selected Boeing, with the 737MAX, as the preferred bidder for 30 new aircraft. The order was confirmed in October 2014, with deliveries due to take place from Q2 of 2018.
On 14 August 2014, Monarch announced the closure of their East Midlands base.
On 24 October 2014 Monarch Holdings was acquired from the Globus Travel Group by private investment company and turnaround specialist Greybull Capital for a nominal sum just hours before Monarch's licence with the Civil Aviation Authority expired. Greybull were to own 90% of the airline, with the remaining 10% held by the group's pension fund and provide access to £125m of new capital. As part of the deal, Monarch announced that it would downsize its fleet from 42 to 34 aircraft, renegotiate leases on 10 aircraft and cease long-haul and charter operations from April 2015, converting to a low cost model focusing on short-haul leisure routes. However, the new finance was said to secure the order for 30 Boeing 737 MAX 8 aircraft signed up to at the 2014 Farnborough Air Show.
Following the downsize in operations, Monarch Airlines carried 5.7 million passengers during 2015, a 19% reduction compared with 2014. However demand for flights on Monarch's major holiday routes to Egypt and Turkey continued to fall because of passenger fears raised by the Syrian civil war, the Egyptian political crisis and the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt.
2016 to 2017: troubles and administration
On Sunday 25 September 2016, online rumours surfaced about Monarch Airlines' imminent bankruptcy, which the airline strongly denied. The Civil Aviation Authority had commenced commandeering spare planes from other airlines to potentially repatriate British citizens at short notice. However, in the following days Monarch obtained additional funds from shareholders, and on 30 September 2016 its Civil Aviation Authority ATOL licence was temporarily extended until 12 October. On 12 October 2016, Monarch Airlines successfully retained its ATOL licence after an it received an additional £165m in investment funding. At the time, the cash injection was believed to have come from Greybull Capital, however one year later it was revealed that the majority of the sum had actually been provided by Boeing in an effort to save the struggling airline.
In September 2017, reports emerged of Monarch facing fresh difficulties over its license as the year before. On Saturday 30 September 2017, the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) extended Monarch's licence for 24 hours due to financial issues. Once again the Civil Aviation Authority had commenced commandeering spare planes from other airlines which included 10 planes from Qatar Airways. Furthermore, although Monarch had received an extension to its license it tripled fares which was viewed as an attempt to effectively price themselves out of the market and reduce exposure to any claims.
During the late evening on 1 October 2017, the airlines' late night flights to Ibiza were cancelled at the boarding stage as the deadline for its licence loomed. On the morning of 2 October at 03:19 BST, the airlines' final flight, ZB3785 from Tel Aviv to Manchester, landed. Shortly afterwards at approximately 04:00 BST, the CAA confirmed that Monarch Airlines had ceased operations with immediate effect and had entered administration, along with sister companies Monarch Holidays Ltd, First Aviation Ltd, Avro Ltd and Somewhere2stay Ltd, leaving 110,000 passengers overseas and 300,000 future bookings cancelled.
A total of 38 aircraft from 15 European, Middle Eastern, and Canadian operators, including Qatar Airways (10 aircraft), Titan Airways (5 aircraft), Air Transat (4 aircraft), Freebird Airlines and Wamos Air (3 aircraft each), and smaller numbers from other airlines and charter operators, were chartered to repatriate British citizens from abroad, using aircraft in size from a Boeing 737-300 to a Boeing 747-400. In total, the operation cost £60 million, funded by the Air Travel Trust Fund which in turn is funded by an airline and passenger levy. The operation has been described by Chris Grayling, the transport secretary, as the "biggest ever peacetime repatriation".
Monarch was the largest airline ever to have ceased trading in the UK. The causal factors of Monarch's demise were a combination of factors such as vicious competition on routes to southern Europe from other low-cost rivals, excess capacity on many routes forcing down prices and thus impacting yields, terrorism in Libya and a coup in Turkey, and Brexit causing the depreciation of the Pound Sterling which increased operating costs (i.e. fuel costs, aircraft leasing costs, airport landing fees).
Maps Monarch Airlines
Cabin and services
As Monarch positioned itself as a low-cost carrier, the airline offered several services for an optional extra fee. This included options such as hold luggage, increased luggage allowance, allocated seating, priority services and in-flight catering.
Cabin
Monarch's aircraft operated in an all-economy layout. A number of extra space seats were located towards the front of the cabin and adjacent to exit doors.
In-flight entertainment
Monarch provided an in-flight magazine named 'Passport!' Its contents included travel guides, a map of Monarch's destinations, interviews and company news.
In-flight catering and retail
Monarch offered food and drink available to purchase onboard all flights. This included a range of hot and cold food items as well as hot and cold drinks, alcoholic beverages and soft drinks.
A range of onboard tax-free / duty-free goods were available to purchase from the 'Love to Shop' inflight magazine.
Vantage Club loyalty scheme
Monarch operated a loyalty scheme named 'Vantage Club'. It rewarded regular customers travelling with the airline with additional travel privileges and benefits. There were three membership tier levels - Indigo, Silver or Gold.
Corporate affairs
At the time of closure Monarch's head office, along with that of Monarch Group, was in Prospect House, on the grounds of London Luton Airport.
Ownership and structure
Monarch Airlines was part of the Monarch Group, of which the holding company was Monarch Holdings Ltd., which is 90% owned by Greybull Capital; the remaining 10% is held by the group's pension fund
Other subsidiaries of the Monarch Group include Monarch Holidays (previously branded as Cosmos Holidays, but that brand reverted to Globus in 2017), Monarch Hotels, Avro Flights, and Monarch Aircraft Engineering Limited (MAEL). Following the collapse of the other companies, MAEL began trading as a stand-alone company focused on third-party maintenance checks.
Business trends
Operational activities over recent years, broken down between scheduled and charter flights, were:
Destinations
Fleet
At the time of closure, the Monarch Airlines fleet consisted of the following aircraft:
Monarch operated the following aircraft throughout its History:
Awards
- FlightOnTime.info Most Improved UK Charter Airline for Punctuality - Summer 2007
- Travel Trade Gazette Airline of the Year - Leisure 2006 and 2007
- TravelWeekly Globe Travel Awards - Best Charter Airline 2009, 2010 and 2011
- World's greenest airline ITB Berlin travel show - The number 1 greenest airline 2011
- TravelMole Best Airline Website 2012
Accidents and incidents
- During January 1985, a Boeing 757 flying Monarch Flight 390 from Tenerife to Luton suffered two mid-flight explosions, after which the aircraft lost electrical power and smoke began filling the cabin, leading to an emergency landing in Portugal. The cause was leaking lavatory fluid which had come into contact with electrical wiring, resulting in serious electrical arcing, which created smoke, power surges, and caused the aircraft's electronic flight interfaces to fail and blank out. It was the first known British-operated aircraft to suffer a serious kapton-related problem.
- On 22 May 2002, a Boeing 757-200 (Registration G-MONC) suffered structural damage to the forward fuselage in the area of the nose landing gear during landing at Gibraltar Airport while operating a flight from Luton. The captain had used an incorrect landing technique, applying full nose-down elevator. This control input resulted in a high pitch-down rate at nosewheel touchdown, in excess of the design limits, before the aircraft's nosewheel had touched the ground. No fatalities occurred.
- On 17 March 2006, the flight deck crew of a Boeing 757-200 (Registration G-MONE) lost visual contact with the runway after passing the Visual Decision Point (VDP) while attempting to land at Gibraltar Airport. During the subsequent go-around, the crew did not follow the correct missed approach procedures but air traffic control (ATC) provided effective heading control to avoid striking high ground. The lowest altitude of the aircraft when over land was 2,100 ft. (The highest point over land, just south of the airfield, is 1,420 ft.) Following the incident, ATC and Monarch Airlines changed their procedures to reduce the chances of repeating a similar occurrence.
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
- British Independent Airlines since 1946, Volume 3 of 4. A.C. Merton Jones. Merseyside Aviation Society & LAAS. Liverpool, 1976. ISBN 0-902420-09-7.
- Berlin Airport Company - Monthly Timetable Booklets for Berlin Tempelhof and Berlin Tegel Airports, April and October issues (German language edition only), 1981. West Berlin, Germany: Berlin Airport Company.
- "Flight International". Sutton, UK: Reed Business Information. ISSN 0015-3710. (various backdated issues relating to Monarch Airlines, 1968-2007)
- Hales-Dutton, Bruce (February 2010). "Prudence Reigns at Monarch". Air International. Vol. 78 no. 2. Stamford, UK: Key Publishing. ISSN 0306-5634.
- Maslen, R. (July 2008). "The 40-year-old start-up - Monarch Airlines". Airliner World. Stamford, UK: Key Publishing.
- Simons, Graham M. (1993). The Spirit of Dan-Air. Peterborough, UK: GMS Enterprises. ISBN 1-870384-20-2.
- Simons, Graham M. (1999). It was nice to fly with friends! The story of Air Europe. Peterborough, UK: GMS Enterprises. ISBN 1-870384-69-5.
- Stroud, John (18 May 1972). "World Airline Directory". Supplement. Flight International. Vol. 101 no. 3296. pp. 1-52.
- Stroud, John (9 April 1977). "World Airline Directory". Flight International. Vol. 111 no. 3552. pp. 915-990.
- Airliner World, July 2008. Stamford, UK: Key Publishing.
- "World Airline Survey". Flight International. Vol. 93 no. 3083. 11 April 1968. pp. 511-560.
- "World Airline Survey". Flight International. Vol. 95 no. 3135. 10 April 1969. pp. 549-600.
External links
- Official website operated by the Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)
- Monarch website from KPMG
- Monarch Airlines Careers
- Monarch Airlines at the Wayback Machine (archive index)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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